Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Essay - 2223 Words

Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance was undoubtedly a cultural and social-political movement for the African American race. The Renaissance was many things to people, but it is best described as a cultural movement in which the high level of black artistic cultural production, demanded and received recognition. Many African American writers, musicians, poets, and leaders were able to express their creativity in many ways in response to their social condition. Until the Harlem Renaissance, poetry and literature were dominated by the white people and were all about the white culture. One writer in particular, Langston Hughes, broke through those barriers that very few African-American artists had done before this†¦show more content†¦Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his types of writings. His poetry was a way for us to see a picture of urban life during the Harlem Renaissance, the habits, attitudes, and feelings of his oppressed people . These poems did more than reveal the pain of poverty, it also illustrated racial pride and dignity. â€Å"His main concern was the uplift of his people, whose strengths, resiliency, courage, and humor he wanted to record as part of the general American experience† (Wikipedia, Langston Hughes). Hughes was not ashamed of his heritage and his main theme, â€Å"black is beautiful,† was expressed and shared to the world through his poetry. During the literary movement, music was central to the cultural movement of the Harlem Renaissance, which was a main feature of Hughes’s poetry. He had an important technical influence by his emphasis on folk, jazz, and blues rhythms as the basis of his poetry of racial pride. Hughes used this unique style of writing because it was important to him to have the readers feel and experience what they were reading, â€Å"to recognize the covert rhetoric in lyric means to appreciate the overlap between emotive and discursive poetry . Rooted in song, the lyric reestablishes the ritual of human communion† (Miller 52). The poem that I felt reflected Langston’s lyrical style and expressed the struggles of his people was, â€Å"Trumpet Player†. After reading it many timesShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 Pagescalled the Harlem Renaissance. After World War I, many blacks migrated from the south to up to the north to places like Chicago, Detroit and New York. The people in Harlem felt the racial pride and this caught the attention of many musicians, writers, and artist. The Harlem Renaissance period lasted from 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the article about Langston Hughes, there wereRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary RenaissanceRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1219 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem renaissance is an artistic revolutionary period that took place between 1917 and 1937. This was after the First World War. Harlem was a district in New York. The Harlem renaissance impacted the social, cultural as well as artistic aspects of the black community. Many black people were encouraged to flee the southern sides where the caste system continued to oppress the black people. At this period, racial inequalities as well as other social injusticesRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pages† - Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance took place in Harlem, New York during the 1920’s. The movement was an expression of African American culture across the Midwestern and Northeastern states of America, with Harlem being the heart of it. The Harlem Renaissance also left a lasting impression on black writers from the Caribbean and other African Colonies who immigrated to Paris. There were many artists of many different mediums that left a lasting impact of black culture, and Langston HughesRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a social and cultural movement aimed to alter the conventional notion of â€Å"The Negro† and to expound on African American’s adversities through literature, music, and visual arts. After World War I, Harlem, New York became a central location for African Americans for greener pastures and racial equality. Large quantities of black writers, artists, and intellectuals emerged within the urban scene and played a pivotal role of defining the movement in their respective fieldsRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1736 Words   |  7 PagesAug 2017 The Dream Called Langston As an artist, or literature, music or visual art, there is power in creating pieces that move the masses. For an African American artist in the 1920’s, that power was fought for harder and dimmed due the racial inequalities across America. Being acknowledged as a credible artist was equated to being acknowledged as an American during a time where African American citizens were not considered an equal under the law. The Harlem Renaissance, spanning from the mid 1920’sRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1476 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes, a Voice for the Taciturn Take a time machine back to one of the most culturally-rich times in history, the Modern Age. More specifically, set your destination to northern Manhattan in the early 20s. When you step onto those bustling streets, you’ll find yourself swept up in the Harlem Renaissance. The contemporary writers you are surrounded by are legends such as Langston Hughes and W. E. B. DuBois, and the contemporary musicians you may hear at a local nightclub include some ofRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1703 Words   |  7 Pagesis a quote from a well-known poet by the name of Langston Hughes who served as a prominent figure in African American history and is known for maintaining a significant role in one of the most culturally influential periods for African Americans -The Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance describes a significant era in time where hundreds or artists, writers and musicians living in Harlem came together to form a vibrant, creative community. Hughes along with many other talented and innovative AfricanRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : Langston Hughes1145 Words   |  5 Pagesplace called Harlem and this is where it all started. Harlem became the training ground for blues and jazz and gave birth to a young generation of Negro Artist, who referred to themselves as the New Negro. The New Negro was the base for an epoch called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance allowed for the materialization of the double consciousness of the Negro race as demonstrated by artists such as Langston Hughes. During the peak of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes created poetryRead MoreLangston Hughes : The Harlem Renaissance1151 Words   |  5 Pagesmass movement of people is called the Great Migration. One of the most popular places African Americans moved to was Harlem, New York. This city was a cultural and artistic polestar for people of color. It became known for the start of the African American cultural and artistic revolut ion known as the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†. Out of the Renaissance came poet Langston Hughes. Hughes’ grandparents were abolitionists and worked to instill the same sense of justice into him, which can be seen in his writings

The World Regional Geography Textbook - 1151 Words

The World Regional Geography textbook describes globalization as the growth of interregional and worldwide linkages and the changes these linkages are bringing about (pg. 30). Globalization has had a mainly positive impact on people around the world, however there have also been negative impacts, too. It affects the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of the world positively and negatively. Politically, globalization started mostly because of colonization which also helped shape the world today. The positive side of colonization is that many countries and regions of the world became very developed, including the USA, Europe, and parts of Asia. As colonization began in the 1490s and the early 1500s in the Americas, Great†¦show more content†¦On the political aspect of globalization, colonization can be viewed as both positive and negative. Globalization greatly affects economics; such as the East Asian Tigers and the Banana Republic. The Asian Tigers are four highly developed economies, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, that had high growth rates and industrialization between the 1960s through the 1990s. The key strategy was export-driven development and high tariffs on imports and relied on cheap productive labor which enabled these economies to join the ranks of the world s richest nations. The Asian Tigers are some of the last places to have this type of rapid industrialization and growth rate because if less developed countries placed high tariffs on imports, countries wouldn’t export their goods there. The Asian Tigers demonstrate how beneficial globalization is in economics. On the other hand, the Banana Republics are an example of how unfavorable the economic aspect of globalization can be. One example of a Banana Republic is the United Fruit Company from Boston and San Francisco. The United Fruit Company owned lots of land in Central America and has political power because of how much money and power they had. The company would buy land just so peasants couldn’t plant on it and the United Fruit Company practically owned the entire banana market. Due to the power and wealth, The United Fruit Company could influence anyone they wished and did soShow MoreRelatedEssay on Two Religions-Two Paths: Buddhism and Hinduism805 Words   |  4 PagesBuddha’s life. Later however, missionaries and merchants spread Buddhism to â€Å"China (100 BCE to 200 CE), Korea and Japan (300 to 500 CE), Southeast Asia (400 to 600 CE), Tibet (700 CE) and Mongolia (1500 CE).† (Park) As it spread Buddhism developed many regional forms. â€Å"Ironically, it was subsequently to die out in the very area it had originated, and was re-absorbed into Hinduism in India in the seventh century (although it has survived among the mountain people of the Himalayas and on the island of Sr iRead MoreImpact Of Discrimination On Arab Americans1722 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivated by economic factors. After world war one, the second wave of immigrants arrived which was actually much different than the first wave in terms of religion and socio-economic status. They included mostly Muslims and were highly educated. Arab-Americans as an ethnic group traced their roots from Arabic speaking countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Today most Arab- Americans are the descendants of the first wave. They are Americans whose regional, ancestral homeland include twenty-twoRead MoreSingapore : The City Of The Country Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesSingapore is one of the wealthiest countries in the world and has one of the least corrupt governments nationwide. The country holds itself to high standards and caters to a very high standard of living. With the country being so small and at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, they have a flooring tourism industry. The people of Singapore pride themselves in their cultural and natural heritage. With the luxurious hotels, upscale restaurants, and astounding tourist attractions, they are lookedRead MoreThe World Of World History1284 Words   |  6 Pages Summer Work Preface: I. World history explores human pasts worldwide to help us understand the world around us. To help us understand that the world needs to continue to develop or we will fall behind. This text talks about how human migration and trade amongst other things has gotten us to where we are today. A.Generalization of World history B.Periodization C.Key events D.Conclusion II. The world history explores the past so humans around the world can understand the terrene aroundRead MoreD. Kinds Of Programs Or User Needs Support1541 Words   |  7 Pagespurchase can be made or not. The local schools maintain their own library collections and, while the public library works together with the school media centers to support the needs of their students, the public library does not collect or maintain textbooks. II. General Priorities and Limitations Governing Selection Forms of materials to be collected or excluded. The Library will collect materials in a variety of formats divided into three main types: print (hardcover books, paperback books, large-printRead More Global Warming Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageswarming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that global warming is taking place. Some examples include that temperature measurements taken in the traditional way - by thermometers in meterological stations - show that the world warmed by about 0.5 degrees celcius during the twentieth century, 1995 was the worlds hottest year since reliable records began around 140 years ago - prior to this 1990 was the hottest year, The Australian Bureau of Meterorology records show thatRead MoreMy Cultural Development Throughout The Semester1658 Words   |  7 Pagesto develop my perspective. I think that having part of our grade this semester come from projects where we researched different themes in different areas of the Spanish speaking world was what really helped me become a more diverse person and thinker. Having the opportunity to look into other cultures through the textbook and from research outside of the class has made me want to study abroad so that I can f ully appreciate other cultures in person. Looking back at this semester, I realize now thatRead MoreHistory of Philippine Trnslation in the Philippines6599 Words   |  27 Pagesmay still benefit from the wisdom of the west through the translation into Filipino and other Philippine languages of informative materials on science and technology. In the field of education, translation is a necessary tool in the production of textbooks and reference materials in the language understandable to the greater number of the people. English is also used as intervening language in the translation into Filipino of various materials from French, German, Japanese, and other languages. 1762Read MoreIs Gaokao Good Or Bad? Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesadopted by ten provinces; the rest still use self-designed test paper. Chinese, Maths, and one foreign language are mandatory subjects for all students. Those concentrated in Liberal Arts take an extra integrative test including Politics, History, and Geography; while those concentrated in Science take test including Biology, Chemistry, and Physics (http://www.moe.gov.cn, 2015). Despite various problems pointed out in this evaluation system, Gaokao acts an essential role in China and has brought considerableRead MoreDefinition Of Curriculum And Curriculum2230 Words   |  9 PagesWillis (1995 as cited in Understanding Teaching For Learning Textbook Topic 3, p. 57) believe curriculum is ‘an interrelated set of plans and experiences that a student undertakes under the guidance of the school (p.10). Another definition is ‘the curriculum is always, in every society, a reflection of what the people think, fee l, believe and do’ (Smith, Stanley Shores, 1950, p. 3 as cited in Understanding Teaching For Learning Textbook Topic 3, p. 57). Both examples show very different meanings

Analysis of Woolworths Supermarket-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Critically evaluate the Marketing Strategy of Woolworths Supermarket in Australia. Answer: Introduction The report is presented to focus on the various aspects of marketing considering the business organisation Woolworths Supermarket in Australia. The company is one of the leading retailers, which offers a wide range of products and services online for the customers to fulfill their needs and requirements. The organization offers grocery items, healthy meat, seafood, dairy products and other health and beauty products too all over Australia and few of the neighboring states. The analysis of market is done to identify the needs and requirements in the market and provided products and services accordingly (Ayub et al., 2013). The impact of marketing mix strategy on the buying behaviours of consumers will also be illustrated in this report. The marketing activities will be managed by following the most effective sustainability principles and maintain a good position within the business environment (Woolworths.com.au, 2017). Identification and analysis of market The analysis of market is done to identify the needs and requirements of the various market segments and market the products properly to create a sustainable place in the Australian market. The SWOT analysis and PESTLE analysis tools are used to analyse the market conditions and determine the needs of people in the various market segments (Wilson et al., 2012). The SWOT analysis would help in understanding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the market while the PESTLE framework could help in identifying the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that might create an impact on the marketing and business sustainability for Woolworths Supermarket, Australia (Baker, 2014). The current years have been exceptional and noteworthy for the retail market in Australia, because of which, there are enough scopes and opportunities for Woolworths Supermarket to deliver products and services according to the market conditions and gain the sat isfaction of customers too (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The objectives of the report are to develop effective marketing approaches to enhance product visibility, analyse the market conditions and develop sustainable approaches for overcoming the environmental issues (Boone Kurtz, 2013). SWOT analysis The various market segments targeted by the organisation are young adults, customers who prefer healthy items, health conscious customers, etc. To identify and analyse the market, the SWOT analysis framework is used for understanding its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Chen et al., 2014). The strengths include its strong brand name and image, which has made it one of the market leaders in the Australian retail industry, the leadership position and ability to exploit the market potential through proper management of human resources, technological resources and maintaining a good market presence. The proper utilization of resources has impacted the external environmental factors and developed cost effective measures for reducing the packaging and achieve zero food waste. One of the major weaknesses of the company is the restrictions by Government on keeping the costs of products higher, which has deteriorated the higher growth and sales level. The opportunities have arisen because of the advancement in supply chains, changes in the lifestyle and buying behaviours of the consumers and use of advanced technologies (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Woolworths has adapted the multi-optional retailing strategy for adjusting with the changes in needs of the consumers and keep them satisfied as a whole. The threats faced by the company competitive rivalries in business, intervention of Government and continuous changes in needs of customers often makes it difficult for the company to deliver products and services accordingly (De Mooij, 2013). PESTLE analysis tool The business organisation wants to analyse the external market conditions by identifying the macro environmental factors that may create an impact on the market conditions. Political factors The political environment is connected with the organisations performance to structure the business environment and provide ample opportunities for growth and development in business. The business organisation has managed to grow with the involvement of foreign investors and trading partners managing the business activities. There are various risks that may be faced because political instability can prevent investors to enter the market and this will create lesser rate of return and more risks of business failure (Hair Jr Lukas, 2014). Woolworths is one of the major companies within the retail industry, because of which, the risks of facing loss in business in low. Economic factors The economic factors include unemployment, which can affect the business performance by reducing the sales level and creating financial issues. Due to the global financial crisis, Woolworths faced a huge loss and many of the individuals were unemployed. Within few markets of Australia, the company performed well in spite of the financial crisis. Woolworths, being a reputed and established organisation, has managed its business operations perfectly and made sure that more employees are recruited within the workplace (Hardie Howarth, 2013). Social factors The customers are the main sources of revenue or the business organisation and so identifying the needs and requirements of the target market is essential for the development of a proper marketing plan and achieve sustained profit level. The company offered the products and services at lower prices for making those affordable for the customers and ensures that the social trends are taken into consideration (Ho, 2014). Technological factors New forms of technologies are considered and the utilization of RFID has helped the retail company to manage the inventories properly and ensure that the stocks are kept under control for the customers. The integrated service oriented architecture could help in managing its business operations properly and support the technology for effective management of supply chains across the industry. The self service check out has been considered as an effective innovation procedure that created convenience for the customers to purchase the products and make the company attain a positive brand image (Hollensen, 2015). Legal factors The policies of taxation and employee management regulations have been effective for managing the licensing procedures, which also maintained the good quality of products and services in accordance with the organisational rules and regulation. The Government authorities have also supported the organisation by introducing new retail outlets and work according to the legal requirements (Ikerd, 2012). Environmental factors The environment friendly approaches are considered as effective for minimizing the negative impact on the environment. Woolworths has managed the sustainable approaches by reducing the carbon footprints and wastage of natural resources too. The materials used by the company to manufacture products were recycled and the sourcing of food was done through ethical procedures. This allowed the company to maintain a positive brand image and support the sustainability approaches of the organisation too (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). The information and communication technology system has enabled the business organisation to manage its customers services properly and ensured that any queries made by customers regarding the products and services are dealt with. This would make the customers satisfied as well as create a positive brand image about the company, furthermore improve its sales and profit level. Role of marketing mix on the consumer behavior, sustainability and social justice The marketing mix strategy is used by Woolworths to analyse the brand and the market segments comprising of the customers through assessment of various components such as product, price, place and promotion (Kajanus et al., 2012). Product Woolworths, being one of the leading Australian retailer has provided different types of grocery items such as meat, dairy products, fruits, vegetables and packaged products. A wide range of products is offered, which gives the customers enough scopes to identify their needs and purchase the products adoringly. In terms of choice, they are never unsatisfied, because they can rely on the one stop store where they can gain accessibility to not only grocery items but also fashion items, house wares, clothing accessories, etc (Thompson McLarney, 2017). Price The prices of the products are kept consistent by Woolworths though there are premium products too that have higher prices. Thus, the company serves both types of customers, who prefer lower priced products as well as products available at premium prices (Lang et al., 2012). A shopping card is provided by the business to its customers, which can allow for tracking the purchases and provide additional discounts wherever applicable. Place There are more than 1000 stores of the retail company in Australia and because of that, it supports multiple market segments in Melbourne, Victoria and even online businesses are managed. The online platform has created convenience for the customers to get the products delivered at their doorstep after making the purchase online. The company for placing the new label brands including Woolworth Homebrand, Woolworth Select, Woolworths Fresh, etc introduces a mobile app. Because of the wide distribution network, more customers are getting attracted, which has increased the revenue too (Leonidou et al., 2013). Promotion The promotions are done by involving social media to spread brand awareness. Extensive deals and offers are provided by Woolworths to make the customers aware of the products and influence their buying behaviors. The promotional channel has allowed the company to reach the targeted market segments and gain profit (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). Sustainability principles Woolworths identified the environmental impact across the value chain and promised to innovate its business operations for the creation of a healthy environment. The company has considered the circular economy effective, sourced the environmentally sustainable components and responded to changes in climatic conditions too. There have been investments in renewable energy to develop new technological and commercial opportunities and ensure business evolvement (McDonald Wilson, 2016). The company has managed its suppliers properly for developing abilities to handle the climatic conditions risks and focus more on water conservation. Recycled packaging is adopted to reducing use of polystyrene trays and keep moving towards a circular economy. This would reduce the loss in stocks, improve the ways of managing wastes and effectiveness of food rescue programs. By implementing these kinds of programs, it would be easy to reduce the carbon footprint and maintain ecological balance in nature ( Morgan, 2012). Review From the report, I understood how Woolworths Supermarket has marketed its products and services by identifying and analyzing the market scenario. The business organisation is quite established and is considered as one of the major retail companies in Australia. The identification and analysis of market was done by analysing the objectives at first, which were to enable proper marketing approaches for making products and services availability to the customers properly, develop sustainable approaches for preventing negative impact on the environment and finally cope up with the changes in consumers behaviors and deliver products to satisfy them (Perreault Jr, Cannon McCarthy, 2013). The PESTLE analysis was done, which showed that the political instability could result in affecting business performance whereas the economic factors helped in providing employment opportunities to many people all over Australia. The 4 principles of marketing mix were products, prices, place and promotion that had been effective for marketing the products and services of Woolworths properly, gain satisfaction and this generated more revenue in business. Lastly, few sustainability approaches considered by Woolworths to create a good brand image and maintain a healthy environment. Few of the approaches to sustainability were investments in renewable energy, sourcing of environment friendly sustainable components and using the food rescue programs for decreasing the carbon footprints (Shaw, 2012). All these vast amount of information and knowledge would help me to advance in my career and become successful in my professional life too. Conclusion The report was created for managing the various aspects of marketing and become one of the major retailers in Australia. The company offered good quality grocery items and the proper marketing mix strategy also helped in fulfilling the needs and requirements of the people in the market. The identification and analysis of market was done with the help of SWOT and PESTLE framework and the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors affected the business functioning. The marketing mix strategy helped in identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company whereas the sustainable methods included management of energy, water conservation and focused on achieving a circular economy. This not only helped in reducing the carbon footprint but also managed to preserve a good and healthy environment with ease and effectivenes. References Ayub, A., Adeel, R., Muhammad, S. A., Hanan, I. (2013). A conceptual framework on evaluating SWOT analysis as the mediator in strategic marketing planning through marketing intelligence.European Journal of Business and Social Sciences,2(1), 91-98. Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L. (2013).Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Nevo, S., Jin, J., Wang, L., Chow, W. S. (2014). IT capability and organizational performance: the roles of business process agility and environmental factors.European Journal of Information Systems,23(3), 326-342. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Hair Jr, J. F., Lukas, B. (2014).Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hardie, I., Howarth, D. (Eds.). (2013).Market-based banking and the international financial crisis. Oxford University Press. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Ikerd, J. E. (2012).The essentials of economic sustainability. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. Jobber, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kajanus, M., Leskinen, P., Kurttila, M., Kangas, J. (2012). Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysisLessons learnt in strategic natural resources management.Forest Policy and Economics,20, 1-9. Lang, D. J., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., ... Thomas, C. J. (2012). Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges.Sustainability science,7(1), 25-43. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Fotiadis, T. A., Zeriti, A. (2013). Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance.Tourism Management,35, 94-110. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2016).Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Morgan, N. A. (2012). Marketing and business performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), 102-119. Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J., McCarthy, E. J. (2013).Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Shaw, E. H. (2012). Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework.Journal of Historical Research in Marketing,4(1), 30-55. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Thompson, J., McLarney, C. (2017). What Effects will the Strategy Changes Undertaken by Next Plc Have on themselves and their Competition in the UK Clothing Retail Market?.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,8(2), 234. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012).Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Woolworths.com.au (2017).Woolworths.com.au. Retrieved 20 November 2017, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/

The Anglo Saxon Period Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism

The Anglo Saxon Period I.The Anglo Saxon Period 449-1066 1.The A-S people were highly organized into tribal units. 2.They were pagan people who placed their belief in fate. 3.The Christian belief came to Britain when the roman people came. 4.Christianity brought with it the beginning of education and written literature. 5.When the Vikings invaded Britain they burned many religious manuscripts and other religious literature. 6.The A-S cronicle is our principal source of info on early english life. 7.A-S literature began with spoken verse and incantations rather than written books. 8.Beowulf is our first work of poetry to be composed in the english language. 9.A history of the english church and people is the first pros to be written in the english language. 10. Three techniques used by the H-S people to help them remember their oral literature. Regular Rhythm, Alliteration, Kenning. II.The Seafarer By: Burton Raffel 1.The Seafarer is a lyric poem. 2.The speaker expresses feelings of sorrow, loneliness, fear and anticipation. 3.The speaker expresses a deep feeling that people over come their problems of this life by believing in the power of both faith and god. III.Beowulf 1.This is a epic poem that celebrates the deeds of a legendary or a heroic figure. 2.Characteristics of Beowulf: Loyalty, valor, unselfishness and a sense of justice. 3.Beowulf is the hero and grindal is the monster. 4.Grendal's Characteristics: Man kinds enemy, opposed gods will, embodiment of hate. 5.Example of Kenning: ?That shepard of evil, guardian of crime? 6.Herot- the name of hall 7.Hrothgor - king of the dames. 8.Beowulf came from the land of the geeks. 9.In battling Grindal, Beowulf isn't only a brave pagen warrior but also a Christian hero.

A Critical Exploration Of The Increasing Fragmentation Of Policing The WritePass Journal

A Critical Exploration Of The Increasing Fragmentation Of Policing Introduction A Critical Exploration Of The Increasing Fragmentation Of Policing , p.22). Whereas privatization of policing may indicated states’ failure in providing fundamental security services to its citizens, this is not necessarily true.. It does not necessarily mean that the state is dying but rather diversifying and developing. Several key questions arise when debating on this topic. Why the increase in fragmentation of policing? what are the implications of such trends in terms of democratic legitimacy, effectiveness and equity? In the midst of the far-reaching transformation, how best can the multiplicity of institutional reforms involved in policing be governed? This paper addresses these questions with evidence drawn from various perspectivesfrom various perspectives. it The paper provides an adequate account for the shifting structures of security, providing an explanation for the increasing fragmentation and debating the extent to which it   privatization of policing has occurred. In order to understand the trend towards private policing and the reasons for the increasing fragmentation, it is important to first explore the historical development. Since it is beyond the scope of this paper to examine the 1st world war and the 2nd world war more in depth, the paper will briefly touch on some of the important transformations. depth the post-conflict proliferation of the 1st and 2nd World Wars, it will briefly touch on some important developments that led to the rise of private security industry.   Historical context The involvement of thee private secto in crime control and prevention can be traced back to the cold war. During the cold war, the private military sector provided services ranging from logistics to direct combat (Cusumano 2010). A prime example is the US firm Vinnel which was contracted to train Saudi Arabian National Guard in 1977. Other private security actors military sectors involved in military assistance during the cold war period include the British Watchguard, Gurkha Security Guards, KMS, Saladin and DSL(Cusumano 2010). Whilst the growing trend towards privatization of policing is not a new phenomenonIt is clear that th involvement in security tasks is not a new phenomenon and has been there since the cold war period. However the transformations that followed after the cold war triggered the tectonic change and lead to the increasing in fragmentation of policing. First, there was massive downsizing   with most of the armies which created a market for military assistance (Lock 199). With the demise of the cold war, the losing parties saw their military personnel transfer to other theartres. Having lost in both wars, Germany became the major source of private proliferation. The transformation that took place with most of the armies increased the demand for external contractors. Th, Second, the strain on human resources and the increase in emphasis on specialization led to outsourcing of functions other than direct combat, such as foreign military training. This is evident with the planned gradual privatization of activities other than combat by the US Department of Defense in 2001 (Cusumano 2012). Neoliberal reforms Apart from transformations that took place during othe post-cold war period, this trend was further reinforced by the rise of neoliberals.   The emergence of neo-liberal ideas that emphasized on the importance of fragmentation of power has played a key role in this trend. This perspective is in line with Focaults concept of dispersion of power. Neoliberal ideas such as outsourcing, privatization and public private partnerships that were aimed at streamlining bereacracies played a key role towards this trend. The rise of neoliberalism during the late 1970s led to the Outsourcing, privatization and public private partnerships that were formed during the late 1970s to streamline bureaucracies resulted in the shift from the state-centered hierarchical structures towards the more diverse horizontal structures (Abrahamsen Williams 2009). Neoliberal reforms aimed at limiting the power of the state by finding means of rendering them accountable (Button2012). These new arrangements   empowered private actors to increase their involvement in security provision. In this regard, he rein of power can be said to have been taken over by the private sector appears to have been taken over by private corporations.   As emphasis was placed on conflict settlement that goes beyond the state, this led to the widening of police infrastructure to include private bodies. In many states, public policing   underwent major neoliberal reforms. Hybrid public-private structures   were   developed across many countries driven by the neoliberal ideology. However, the idea of diminishing power of the state   As the upsurge of private security companies has led to the expansion of the state rather than the ‘rolling back of the state’.The impact of this upsurge in private security has been the expansion of the state rather than rolling back of the state. The increase in fragmentation and privatization has extended the state apparatus of criminal justice and strengthened the institutional architecture of crime control rather than diminishing or reducing the powers of the state (Steden Sarre 2007). Privatization revolution The increasing fragmentation can also be said to have been driven by the ideological shift brought about by the ‘privatization revolution’.   This is related to the emergence of mass private property where workplaces, leisure facilities, shopping malls and many other places are manned by private security guards. Whereas these places may be open to the public, in reality, they are private spaces. This seem to have has contributed to the growth of private security to the extent that private firms have mimicked nation states, a form of ( Button 2012). ‘Marketization’ or ‘commodification of policing The trend has further been reinforced by‘commodification’ of security which has resulted due to increased public demands that the police have not been able to satisfy. the involvement of the private sector in security provision has been seen as private is an appropriate means for dealing with the growing lawlessness and crimes. Rising cases of impunity across the globe have increased the demands for private security. Sierra leone is a prime example. Despite its small size, it is known globally a paradigm case of security privatization. The highly publicized activities of private security firms such as Sandline International and Executive Outcomes have made this small sized country globally recognized as the target of transnational security firms. Of course, this resulted due to the intense conflict in the country and presence of numerous rebel armies and civil defense militias. has   conflict and the numerous rebel armies and civil defense militias in the country. The increasing demand for security across the globe has no doubt led to this momentous growth. Unrest and violence across various parts of the world including Syria, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan have further strengthened the need to have these transnational security companies. Some of the well-known   examples of these transnational firms are the Securitas Group and Group 4 securicor which have developed their operations in more than 100 countries (Musa Kayode 2000). Group 4 Securicor officers are currently providing protection to US troops in Kosovo. Minimize public costs Perhaps a most crucial factor that has played a central role   towards this trend is the need to cut public costs. Given the rising cost of training and maintaining standing armies, many states have sought more cost effective ways of policing such as outsourcing security tasks to private sectors. (Krahmann 2002). Expertise of the private sector A more convincing argument for the proliferation of private security firms is related to expertise. The expansion can be attributed to the increasing emphasis on specialization of personnel. That is, the states have felt it necessary to outsource other security functions other than combat such as military training. It is a fact that success in military operations today is dependent on the state of the art technology. But most of the public military personnel do not have the necessary training for use of sophisticated technology. For example, the US relies on private military firms in using and maintaining sophisticated techology such as the Global Hawk unmanned aircrafts and the Predator (Tzifakis 2012). Private firms have an advantage in terms of their expertise especially given their practice of hiring regional expertise. ontrary to the above view, private security companies have come under immense criticism for their low standards of professionalism. Despite their high profile in forensic accountancy and expertise in several areas such as manning of aircrafts, the most dominant view has been that of an industry filled with corrupt, amoral, and incompetent employees   (Steden Sarre 2007). This is evident with most of the studies conducted in North America which portray private security guards as poorly educated, marginally paid and hastily trained figures with dubious characters (Prenzer 2004, and livingstone Hart 2003) Risk-based thinking and global assemblages The increasing fragmentation of policing can also be said to have resulted due to risk based thinking and global assemblageswhere global security actors are integrated in the provision of security.   Paradigm cases of global security assemblage can be seen in Nigeria and Siera leone. In Sierra Leone, private security firms have used their material resources including technical expertise to wield significant influences within global security assemblages. For example, in the case of Diamond minning by Koidu Holdings, PSCs especially Securicor Gray have used their capabilities and material resources to exert their influence onwield significant impact on the choice of security strategies (Abrahamsen Williams 2006). Similarly, global assemblages and risk based thinking appear to have contributed to the rise of private policing in Nigeria which is estimated to have between 1500 and 2000 private security companies (Keku Akingbade 2003).   A good example of the global security assemblage in Nigeria is the contract between Group4Securicor and Chevron Nigeria Ltd (Abrahamsen Williams 2009). Through this contract, Group4Securicor replaced most of the local security companies that provided manned guarding together with the police. Whilst this private company was mandated to guard the CNL headquarters, the operational base in Escravos and the two logistical bases in Warri and Port Harcourt; it has used its material resources and legitimacy to expand its mandate beyond guarding these areas. Geographical fragmentation A further probable reason for the increasing fragmentation of policing is the geographical fragmentation. This has led to the shift from government to governance within the transatlantic community (Krahman 2002, p. 23). Two developments are linked to this geographical transformation: progressive replacement of nation state and shift towards regional and global governance; and a shift towards private security actors. The shift towards regional and global governance can be seen with the geographical expansion of the EU and the NATO (Abrahamsen Williams 2009). While the sideway shift to privatization of security functions can be seen with the proliferation of various private security firms. Growing awareness of importance of private sector in global governance Finally, the trend has been reinforced by the growing awareness of importance of the private sector in global governance. In fact, a with Global Compact Initiative has been established to create partnership between the UN and private sector on human rights issues. , Kofi-Annan, the former secretary to the UN, once contemplated the possibility of the using private security firms in peacekeeping missions both in the provision of logistics and military combat (Abrahamsen Willliams 2007). Today, we have many private agencies providing military assistance to the UN, Nato and even African Union peacekeeping missions. Whilst th idea of a private police established to achieve accountability of public police may sound realistic, there is little persuasive evidence regarding the effectiveness of the private institutions in performing this role. In fact, it is case that the private sector is largely unaccountable. In theory, it is stated that both the public and private police   are accountable through the criminal law of their actions. However, there is no persuasive proof to support this claim in practice. Notorious examples can be seen with the recent events which Some of the recent infamous events that unfolded in California. This indicates indicatinghow how difficult it is to convict public police offenders (Stenning 1994). Fragmentation and privatization of policing a global phenomenon The trend towards private policing is clearly evident across the globe. For example, in Russia, there has been an explosive growth in private security personnel since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Whilst statistics indicate that Russia had almost 200,000 licensed private personnel in 1999, the the actual number is has been estimated to exceed 850,000 (Steden Sarre 2007). Similarly, A similar trend can be seen in Bulgaria which currently has about 130,000 personnel employed in private security sector in sharp contrast to 28,000 state police officers (Steden Sarre 2007). A similar trend can be seen with emerginerging economies of Asia. India has also echo the trend with over 5 million private security personnel, a figure that   i exceeds   the police, army, air force and the navy put together. In China, private guards are forecast to grow from the current 3 million to 5 million in the coming years. Not only is this trend evident in the Middle East and growing economies of Asia, but also across the US and the UK and in most Latin American countries. The US employs approximately 1.5 and 2 million private security personnel, outnumbering the public police by almost three to one (Abrahamsen Williams 2009). Similarly, the private security personnel in the UK outnumber the state police by a ratio of two to one. This growth is also reflected in the Latin American countries, African countries and even across Central and Eastern Europe. The resurgence is clearly evident across the world as countries such as Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia and the Czech Republic continue to witness growth of private policing   witnessing growth in this sector. Almost all countries now have their private security personnel exceeding the police number. A further trend that has been observed and has perhaps been under-theorized or under-evaluated is the increasing emergence of transnational policing. Besides privatization of policing, there has been an expansion in cooperation between member states in areas of policing (Button 2012). Traditional forms of cooperation based on distribution of information through bodies such as the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) have now been transcended by organizations such as the European Criminal Police Office (Europol) (Button 2012, p. 25). In addition, there has been an increase in information sharing and the exportation of ideas among private security firms. For example, corporations such as Corrections of America and Wakenhut exportation have exported their ideas to the UK and Australia (Steden Sarre 2007). However, in some countries, private policing is still at its infancy. For example,In n Greece, the ratio between the private and public security personnel remains relatively small.   This can be attributed to the security market that barely existed in Greece until the late 1990s when legislation that mandated some of the key requirements for a licensed security firm was passed (Steden Sarre 2007). Other countries with a relatively low private security to police ratio include Italy, Portugal, Malta, Cyprus and Spain. Most of these countries still make more use of the police officers than private security guards. Nonetheless, the momentous growth of private policing is inevitable and is occurring across the globe. Concerns/controversies over private policing Traditionally, the state has been seen as a monopoly in crime prevention and control (Button 2012). However, evidence has emerged that have raised questions regarding the states monopoly in policing. Evidence have pointed to the increasing pluralization or fragmentation of policing as seen with the increasing involvement of the private sector and voluntary organizations in crime prevention and control. This raises key questions such as: does the state still have a monopoly in policing given the increasing fragmentation? Or rather it can be questioned: did it ever have a monopoly given that the fragmentation in policing is not a new phenomenon? The only thing that is new is the increasing fragmentation and the expansion of private security. Whilst the pervasiveness of these private firms may signal the state’s failure in addressing the most basic demands for security, it should not be viewed as weakening of the state’s role. It does not necessarily mean that the state is dying but rather diversifying and developing. Encouraging private personnel to become more involved in crime control is to support the state’s activities by allowing these individuals to become auxiliaries of the state as opposed to becoming rivals (Sarre 2002). Of course, there are concerns with this trend of privatization of policing with the greatest dangers being the subversion of public interests into profit maximization. Another concern relates to the fact that privatization results in more unequal access to protection and security with differential treatment in the provision of security services to the rich and the poor (Stenning 1994). A further danger is that private policing may lead to the erosion of the cherished notions of liberty, human dignity and privacy which may eventually results in an intolerably controlled and regulated society It is clear that the states role is changing. The increasing fragmentation of policing is evidence of a new social world where governance is no longer monopolized by the states, but rather one in which the rein of power is taken over by the private sector. there is a dispersion of power more to the private sector. The hope of many is for governance to be controlled by the local communities. However, the reality is the emergence of a pervasive and intrusive corporate governance where in capital interests become the priority and are more pursued than that the interests of the local communities (Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2007). Further, there is the it is the possibility that the state might slowly wither away and that the proliferation of private security firms may pose threat to the state’s sovereignty.   Other problems relate to issues such as the lack of transparency and accountability and political control over the operations of these private firms. The fundamental goal of outsourcing such service is obviously to protect the citizens from harm and against human rights violations. Whereas the outsourcing of security services to private firms is justifiable, it may be subject to violent manipulations. One variant to this manipulation can arise through coercion towards prospective clients by the private security firms with the aim manipulating them to buy into their services. Another maipulation can arise where these firms invite others to commit crime in order to increase demand for their protection. There is a possibility that the private security may also end up creating security enclaves as their availability in the open market allows the wealthy and ruling elites to buy more of their services than the less-priviledged counterparts hence running counter to the social bonds considered essential to security (Karsent Volker 2000). In fact, the so called security enclaves have emerged in the US. This is a clarion call to pay attention to isssues of accountability for attention to paid more on control and accountability especially given the increasing fragmentation and privatization. But, as argued by Les Johnston (1992), some of these concerns are not unique and do not constitute compelling arguments against private policing. For example, the concern over the subversion of public interests into profit maximization is not unique.   This concern is also evident with the public police where corruption and political interests have led to public disservice. Criticism of erosion of state’s sovereignty might not necessarily be true as the private security sectors have often acted under the government’s control. For example, Siera Leone is far from entirely private as the government still plays a key role by integrating public forces and setting the legal framework. Future of private security market Nonetheless, there is a clear momentous growth of the private security sector. The massive growth is evidence of expansion of this type of market. In fact, the industrys global turnover was maintained during the recessionary period indicating the high demand for this type of service across the globe. In 2007, the global security service market was valued at $136 billion and in 2009, it was estimated at $152 billion (Steden Sarre 2007). The future for private security firms seems promising given the increasing demand of security services driven by the rise upsurge in conflicts, war and human right violations across various sectors of the globe.   The commercial private security market is currently estimated to be $165 billion and is forecast to grow at a rate of 18% per anum into the foreseeable future. Despite the recent decision made by the US DoD to reduce reliance on support service contractors to pre-9/11 levels, the global market for private security services is anticipated to continue to grow to reach $218.4 billon in 2015 (Tzifakis 2012). However, much of this growth would be mainly concentrated in the emerging economies. What was once a quiet revolution has grown in size and demand to become a global actor in in   the provision of security services. Conclusion There is no doubt that the privatization of policing has become a reality. This is evident with the proliferation of private security actors across the globe with activities that range from manned guarding to surveillance and risk analysis to even military combat. The increasing fragmentation has clearly been triggered by several key developments: the emergence of neoliberal ideas; second the increasing commodification of security; third, the global assemblages and risk based thinking; fourth, the transformations that took place during the post-cold war period, and   the fourth, emergence of the â€Å"privatization revolution†. lso, the increased   emphasis on specialization of personnel, the geographical fragmentation and the increasing recognition of the role of private sector in global governance have no doubt played a significant role towards this trend. All these processes have been central to the growing fragmentation and globalization of private security. However, these changes have fueled controversies. On the one hand, it has helped secure the transition to democracy by providing for a stronger presence of security forces in states under threat of instability. On the other hand, it has had exclusionary effects by increasing the division between the rich and the poor which in the long-run can be detrimental to its legitimacy. Other concerns highlighted include the subversion of public interests into profit maximization; erosion of cherished notions of liberty, human dignity and privacy; and threat to states sovereignty. In the midst of these changes, states have a greater role to play. With development of more diverse forms of policing, governments have the central responsibility of coordinating and regulating all policing activities, both in the private and public agencies. Government must serve as a central anchor point ensuring multi-agency networking and efficacy, equity and accountability of all agencies, both private and public. Accountability can perhaps be achieved by bringing all the policing practices under the control of democratic institutions such as citizen boards, commissions and watchdogs at the local, national, provincial and regional levels. This would ensure equity, efficacy, legitimacy and accountable of all security actors. Reference Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M., 2009. Security beyond the state: global security assemblages in international politics. International Political Sociology, vol. 3, pp. 1-17 Abrahamsen, R. and Willliams, M.C., 2007. Securing the city: private security companies and non-state authority in global governance International Relations  21(2):  237–153 Abrahamsen, R and Michael C., 2006. Security Sector Reform: Bringing the Private In. Africa: Whither the African State. In: Private Security in Africa, edited by S. Gumedze. Pretoria:Institute of Security Studies, pp. 17–38 Adams, T.K., 1999. ‘The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict’,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parameters, Summer, pp.103-116. Ericson, R.V. and Kevin D. H., 1997. Policing the Risk Society. Toronto:   Ã‚   University of Toronto Press Foucault, M., 1991. Governmentality, In: Burchell, G., Gordon., C and Miller, P. (eds) The foucault effect: studies in governmentality. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Garland, D., 2001. The Culture of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press Golsby, M., 1998. Police and private security working together in a co-operative approach to crime prevention and public safety. SRM Australia Pty Ltd Kamensy, J.M., and Thomas J. B., 2004. Collaboration: Using Networks and Partnerships. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littleï ¬ eld. Karsent, R. and Volker, S., (Eds.), 2000. Private Organizations in Global Politics. Keku, P. and Akingbade, T., 2003. Industrial Security in Nigeria. Lagos: Authorhouse. Krahmann, E., 2002. Private firms and the new security governance. USA, Cambridge University Press Livingstone, K. and Hart, J., 2003. The wrong arm of the law? Public images of private security. Policing and Society, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 159-170 Lock., P., 1999. Africa, military downsizing and the growth in the security industry., Issues in Science and Technology. London: Routledge. Manning, P.K., 2006. The United States of America. In Plural Policing. A Comparative Perspective,. London: Routledge, pp. 98–125. Musah, A. and Kayode, F., 2000. Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma. London: Pluto. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J., 2007. Weak States and the Growth of the Private Security Sector in Conï ¬â€šict, Security and Development 6(1): 1–23 Prenzler, T., 2004. The privatization of policing. In Sarre, R and Tomaino, J., (eds) Key issues in criminal justice. Adelaide: Australian Humanities Press, pp.267-296 Sarre, R., 2002. Private police: the future of policing and the broader regulatory framework. University of South Australia Steden, R. and Sarre, R., 2007. The growth of private security: trends in the European Union. Security Journal, vol. 20, pp. 222-235 Stenning, P., 1994. Private policing-some recent myths, developments and trends. {viewed on 14th December 2013} available from aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/23/stenning.pdf

cat vs dog essays

cat vs dog essays There comes a time in most everyones life when he or she decides to buy a pet. Some people go for the unusual and choose a bird, snake, or rodent. Most people, however, decide on the more common four-legged creatures like a dog or cat. Dogs and cats are very different animals and they have different attitudes, needs, and habits. Understanding these differences can help in the process of choosing between them. For unwavering love and loyalty, not to mention protection, a dog is the choice. Dogs will not question authority, and they will, after some training, do exactly what they are told to do. There are many species of dogs, and they come in large, medium, and small sizes. Smaller sizes like poodles and bichons for people who just need an extra friends and bigger dogs like rottweilers and mastiffs for those who are in need of further protection. Dogs require a lot of attention, and they will make sure their owners are aware of it. They need to be watched constantly and must be taken regularly for walks, because, as most owners know, a dog cannot be trained to do his business in a litter box. A dog will, however, respond instantly to his owner's every wish and will lie at or on that owner's feet anytime, anywhere. A dog is very much like a child in that it cannot be left alone in the house for too long. It will get bored easily and can, without too much effort, make your house look as if a tornado were just there. On the other hand, for ease of care, or peace and quiet, cats can be a better choice. Cats will not question authority; they wont even listen to it. There are many species of cats, but their size will generally be the same for all breeds. They will only sleep on the bed if they want to, and will sleep at whichever end they choose. Cats are quite independent, and they do not require much attention over and above regular feeding and regular cleaning of the litter box. It is a c ...

Introduction to managerial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to managerial accounting - Essay Example It creates precise reports that are focused on future, present and past, the management uses these reports in making educated decisions concerning the organization. Some of the reports produced are; Department reports, Sales forecasting, planning reports and Production reports. Financial accounting provides information to government agencies, suppliers, banks and shareholders who use it in making long term decisions for the organization, and they follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Reports created include; income statement, balance sheets, retained earnings summary and cash flow reports. Managerial accounting lays emphasis on decisions that affect the future, therefore planning is an important element of the manager’s job since managerial accounting is future based. Financial accounting basically provides past financial transaction summaries which may be used in planning to some extent, since the future is not always a reflection of past happenings. Many changes are taking place in economic and technological conditions therefore, manager’s planning must be based on what will happen rather than what really happened (Accounting for Management, 2012). Accounting information is used internally by employees and various managers who include; marketing managers and purchasing managers. Accurate accounting is important to individuals who make crucial business and financial decisions within the organization that affect the organization directly. Companies aiming at selling services and goods at prices that provide adequate returns to the owners should keep an adequate level of liquidity and profitability to continue operations. Accounting information is critical to organizations in conducting their daily activities such as; financing the company, investing in resources, managing employees, producing goods and marketing

Problems surrounding Ritalin like parents and teachers wanting to Essay

Problems surrounding Ritalin like parents and teachers wanting to control children with drugs - Essay Example However, not all cases of patients with this disorder are required to take medicine. According to Dr. Fred Baughman, a certified child neurologist, one of the important grounds of actually resorting to pills for kids would be if ADHD is already putting the child’s life at risk (Null, G., n.d.). This relates to the severity of the condition wherein kids’ hyperactivity could put them in dangerous situations, hurt themselves, create unhealthy relationships with people around them and etc. With this said, carelessly judging a kid’s behavior and immediately concluding the need for medication is not beneficial. This is because of the fact that aside from the numerous side effects of which such as difficulty sleeping, dizziness, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, headache, numbness, irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing, fever, hives, seizures, agitation, motor or verbal tics, depression, slows down growth, promotes weight gain, and could even cause sudden death, especially in children with heart problems, it can also create a culture that is totally dependent on drugs which will defeat the value of perseverance, hard work, and learning in the most natural ways which in turn are the most effective in inculcating different values among people through experience. For parents who might have problems with their kids having lack of focus in school or perhaps are just more active than their peers, it is best to not look at their behavior subjectively, instead, consider whether their behavior is already causing more trouble than turning to drug use which has a lot of risks. This is because of the numerous cases where ADHD is already causing their kids to physically hurt others or themselves, hindering them from getting a full meal resulting in lack of nutrition, or causing them violent reactions when doing the most routinary things such as taking a bath

Isolation and Loneliness in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Isolation and Loneliness in Of Mice and Men Essay In the novel Of Mice and Men the theme of loneliness and isolation can hardly be ignored as there are elements of them in key moments in the story. Isolation and loneliness plays a huge role in the story and some of the points that make this book a very gripping read, they also put things across that most of us would not have imagined in the first place. George and Lennie play the biggest part to the themes of loneliness and isolation. When they first arrive at the ranch everybody is very surprised to see two itinerant workers travelling around together. The night before George and Lennie come to the ranch they are sitting by the brush they say to each other Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world They dont belong no placeBut not us! Because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you. George and Lennies dream of themselves owning a ranch together and having a house with two separate bedrooms for each other, this in the day the book was written was very strange because people keep themselves to themselves and travel on their own they would do almost anything to share a room with somebody just for the company. But George and Lennie arent lonely and they want their own space away from other people. All of the other workers are not afraid to tell George and Lennie that they find it strange that two workers are travelling together and Lennie can only speak when George lets him. The ranch owner tells George that he will keep an eye on them because George may be trying to take something from George, for example his money. This is a perfect example of how people thought about workers travelling together. A good point about having friends on the ranch is if you get in a fight you have someone to stick up for you. An example of this is when Curley starts to hit Lennie he does nothing until George tells him that he can hit back and so he does and Curley gets what he probably deserves. The friendship that George and Lennie has is very important especially to Lennie because most other people would not be able to put up with him being a pest and causing them to loose their previous job in weed due to Lennie doing something stupid. If it was not for these two friends looking out for each other Lennie would probably been killed a lot earlier on in the story and not by George. Curleys wife is also a great example of loneliness and isolation on the ranch. Steinbeck does not give her a name. That makes her feel unimportant and she is not wanted, even though she plays a big part in the novel about the themes of dreams and in a way stops Lennie and George from getting their own dream of their own ranch. She is the only woman on a ranch full of men. This means that there is an immediate sense of loneliness because if any of the workers are caught flirting with her there will be trouble because Curleys dad is the ranch owner and he can get the workers sacked if his son tells him to, so Curleys wife has to stay in her house all day and the only person she can really talk to is Curley. Towards the end of the novel when Curleys wife is talking to Lennie in the barn it is the first time in the whole novel when she actually has a full conversation with anybody. She opens up to Lennie and tells him things that she has never told anyone else before, probably because she has nobody else to talk to. She really lets her hair down and tells him all sorts of things like she tells him that she does not like to only have to talk to Candy because she does not like him and that he is not a nice person. The only reason why she married him was so that she can escape her previous life at home. She also says Think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time. On the ranch Candy is another perfect example of loneliness and isolation. Because he is old and disabled the other workers have a different attitude to him. His equivalent to a friend on the ranch was hi old dog. Because his dog was old and no longer useful so they kill it. Candy hopes they shoot him when he gets unable to do any work. At the very end of the novel when Lennie has killed Curleys wife and Curley is hunting him down. George is the one to kill Lennie because they were friends and he wanted no body else to shoot him. This shows friendship even when Lennie has done something very bad up until his last moment George can still find it in his heart to be kind to Lennie.

Greenwich Theatre: Be My Baby Essay -- Drama

Greenwich Theatre: Be My Baby Staging ======= The audience was seated in a "square u" shape around the square stage, which faced the audience at a right angle. There were two exits, one at right back and one at left back stage with room to walk between them. There was a curtain in the style of a hospital ward, which was pulled around one of the exits; the exact one depended on the scene, which worked well when it was pulled across the whole stage when Mary was giving birth. The stage was set out with all the scenery incorporated into one set, this included the laundry, Matron's office and Mary and Queenie's Bedroom. When extra scenery was needed, for example, laundry baskets, they had wheels fixed to the bottom so they could be wheeled in and out with ease as needed. The lighting was very effective in that it made the set look like a hospital ward. It also showed the different times of day, as there were different colours behind the window, orange for daybreak, and to set the time of year and temperature. Theatre The theatre was quite small making the audience feel more intimate with the play. Also, the size of the theatre meant that all of the audiences' attention was focused on the actors. There was a tension between the girls when Mary first enters the home. They build the audience up to a climax when Mary Gives birth, using the curtain as a screen as if in a hospital. The play highlighted the problems faced by pregnant girls in the 60's. The theatre, itself was different to those I am used to, it felt more welcoming to walk down a warmly lit narrow staircase. Towards an intimate seating area where the staff showed the audience to their seats in a similar way to that used in a cinema. Characters Mary Mary was portrayed as a bright girl with more confidence than I imagined her to have when I read the script. She walked with her chin up and her back straight. She seemed to be less friendly with Queenie than I thought she should. She also seemed to be a bit too snobbish and "above" everyone else. She spoke with a predominantly English accent, which abruptly changed to northern when she first entered the home, however, after the interval, it changed back again. Mary seemed very set in her ways and to the point in the way that she was portrayed. If Mary were an animal, she would be a peacock as they ar... ... directing the play, I would make her less confident and more eager to fit in. Also, if Mary was seven months pregnant, her father would've noticed so she would dress in baggy clothes or clothes that were too big for her, however, she entered the home wearing a fairly tight skirt and jacket set. The play highlights the problems and flaws in 1960's society, what pregnant girls had to go through and their feelings. They used the stereotypical northern teenager and divided it into four, adding feelings and history. Setting the play in northern England, using northern accents makes the girls sound "backwards" and poor. Audience Reactions The audience laughed mainly at Dolores. Norma made the audience nervous and made them pity her. Mary made the audience feel as if they could relate to her. Queenie was the leader of the girls, and so led the audience into the home and into the other girls' lives. Matron made the audience look up to her, as she was responsible for running the home. Mrs. Adams made the audience feel sorry for her to have to give up her own daughter, but at the same time hated for being so obsessed by her status and what others would think of her.

Cognitive and Emotional Intelligence paper sample Essay

DECLARATION I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. Organisational Behaviour Assessment 1 Two important differences in organisational behaviour are cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence. The following essay evaluates theoretical and practical strengths and limitations of both intelligences and discusses the application of each in modern organisations. Modern organisations face differing challenges to those of the previous century, high turn-over, globalization and the rapid development of ever changing technology all require special attention. It has never been more important to find the right person for the right job. General mental ability does not give the whole picture. There is a link between cognitive and emotional intelligence, each being important contributors to modern organisations. Cognitive intelligence (CI) has traditionally been the indicator of successful job performance (Bosco, Nathan, & Allen, 2012). Organisational psychology uses cognitive ability to predict workplace success (Neisser et  al., 1996). Cognitive intelligence can be generally defined as academic ability, IQ or general mental ability, including the ability to critically think and reason logically, to analyse and problem solve, as well as individual aptitude in reading and writing (Sternberg, 2006). CI is a valuable asset in employees, particularly in some specialist fields where critical thinking, logic and reason are required, occupations such as scientific researchers, accountants, economists etc. The capacity of all workers to engage cognitive intelligence in quick and effective decision making serves as an important basis for achieving successful outcomes in the most workplaces. Patton (2003) found a consequence of the developing business climate is the global economy and the Internet, each necessitating an increased speed of communications in business transactions. Decisive leaders are forced to make timely decisions without consult and all the data on hand, such an environment necessitates in the need for higher levels of general mental ability in order to achieve both increased levels and faster acquisition of job knowledge, thus leading to greater levels of job performance (Schmidt & Hunter, 2004). CEO of Southwest Organisational Behaviour Assessment 1 Airlines, James Patton, displayed the importance of quick and effective decision making when facing a crisis on September 11, 2001. When planes where grounded and millions of passengers stranded, Patton decided that customers and staff would come first. No employees were required to stand down or take pay cuts, and passengers were given hassle free refunds, furthermore, Southwest employees were encouraged to take passengers to a movie or bowling to pass the time while awaiting news. In the aftermath of 9/11, while most airlines were reducing their workforces by 20% Southwest announced a $179.8 million profit sharing program for employees and managed to retain all staff (Gittell et el, 2006). Other examples of CI are literacy skills, such as reading and writing which are major tools of modern day  businesses: emails, documents and various other item of paperwork require high levels of accuracy for effective communication, efficiency on computers and an ability to learn new technolog y is important in this information world. McKenney, Copeland, Copeland and Mason (1995) propose that the revolution in communications and information technology should be considered as a dominant force in recent social and economic change. Although CI is undeniably important in establishing an efficient workforce it is not the whole picture. The value of cognitive intelligence is irrefutable however some limitations apply. Validities of predicting outcomes in real life are low. According to Viswevaran and Ones (2002), general mental ability accounts for only 25% variance in work performance. Furthermore, they suggest that intelligent behaviour is more than just the result of what intelligence tests measure. A practical example of the limitations of cognitive intelligence can be referred back to the other airlines effected by the 9/11 crisis. While Southwest airlines triumphed against adversary other airlines suffered greatly. There is no denying that the CEO’s of these struggling airlines were people of high cognitive intelligence, however, this personal asset alone was not enough to avoid financial losses, perhaps other ingredients such  as emotional intelligence and adequate policies are still required in order to retain consumer trust. Other CI limitations include measurement, particularly IQ testing which ma y result in adverse impact against minorities (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2002). Tests presented in a language other than an individual’s primary language as well as differing cultural approaches make the result of such tests weighted in favour of the culture that produced it. High IQ does not guarantee adequate function in the  workplace. Highly gifted people are often underestimated and misunderstood by peers and society (Nauta & Corten, 2002). They may make ineffective leaders as staff may not appreciate their intensity, perfectionism, questioning, and being â€Å"too smart† Heylighten (n.d.). Furthermore, CI does not guarantee a good team player. Elkin and Burke (2008) report Steve Jobs, while an example of a successful individual with extremely high cognitive intelligence, is reputed to have been a tyrant to work for. Critics claim he took credit for ideas that were not his, was not a team player, and was impatient, domineering and obsessive, behaviour which is inducing of high staff turnover or low employee retention rates. They also suggest Jobs strengths such as vision, magnetic charisma, perfectionism, all drove him to be a great CEO but are also the same drives that placed his company, staff and investors at risk. Highly intelligent individuals may have issues with delegation, trust, admitting error or asking for help. When compared to autonomous work, good teamwork enables tasks to be accomplished faster and more efficiently, reduces workloads, work pressure and improves staff relations (Kelly, 2004). Some highly intelligent people, such as those with Asperger’s Syndrome, may have low social skills. Individuals with Aspergers may test very highly on a CI tests but often their communication with others is blunt, awkward, stilted or odd (Shea, 2009). Saaty (1999) suggests that primary language expresses affections rather than ideas or thoughts. An inability to effectively communicate with consumers may result in difficult social relationships. While CI is indeed an important consideration in e mployee ability it is not a stand-alone measure of success. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is increasingly being viewed as having a significant influence on job performance and effective leadership in the workforce. A commonly referred to definition of EI was given by Mayer, Caruso and Salovey (1999) â€Å"Emotional intelligence refers to an ability to  recognise the meanings of emotions and their relationships and to reason and problem solve on the basis of them. Emotional intelligence is involved in the capacity to perceive emotions, assimilate emotion-related feelings, understand the information of those emotions and manage them† (p. 267). EI reflects one’s capacity to cope with daily challenges and may assist in predicting both personal and professional success in life. Assets in any working relationship include social awareness, social networking, relationship management, self-awareness and self-management. While small business has long relied on understanding the importance of social networking and keeping healthy relations hips and positive reputation in their community, new technology, globalization and social media now take social awareness and social networking to a whole new level. According to Qualman (2009) global connectivity now results in both positive and negative messages regarding products and services becoming immediately, permanently and easily accessible to the whole world. EI is a valuable asset in employees, particularly in some specialist fields where charisma and empathy are required, such as, sales and marketing, counselling or nursing. Effective leaders, as part of their role in managing relationships, should embody competent levels of respect, empathy, courtesy, motivation and be able to inspire others. The importance of empathy can be illustrated by an American business called Toro who manufacture commercial lawn equipment. The nature of the product results in around 100 serious injuries annually, prior to the appointment of CEO Ken Melrose, Toro faced an average of 50 law suits per year, resulting in massive financial losses to the company. However, Melrose added empathy. Injured workers and their families where meet by company representativ es, sympathies where expressed, investigations made and any needs were meet at the onset. This change in policy has reduced the number of lawsuits from an  average of 50 per year to only one since 1991 when the policy was introduced (Rainey, Chan & Begin, 2008). Furthermore, leaders need teams who are energetic, innovative, creative and passionate (Sloane, 2007). Understanding individual drives and motivations enables management to get the best results from their team. Effective management must be self-aware and have the ability to self-manage, including being aware of and managing moods, adapt appropriate emotions and behaviours to appropriate situations. Jack Welsh, Chairman of General Electric states that â€Å"A leader’s intelligence must have a strong emotional component. He has to have high levels of self-awareness, maturity and self-control.’ (as cited in Balakrishanan & Mouli, 2011, p. 44). EI allows managers to get the best out of their employees. Perks (2007) advises that successful leaders are high in emotional intelligence; they maintain posit ive working relationships and employ adequate coping strategies in all areas of life. Leaders, ideally, should possess emotional intelligence to encourage the best of their team. Emotional intelligence, however, has its limitations. Cherniss (2010) even suggests that EI has produced the highest level of controversy in the social sciences of recent years. More clarity in regard to theory is required. Roberts, Matthews and Zeinder (2010) propose that EI models do not adequately address theory. Furthermore, Roberts suggests that emotional intelligence definitions lack clarity and questions the criterion of which qualities should belong under the banner of emotional intelligence. It seems necessary to adopt one clear common definition. Measures of EI are currently underdeveloped in this relatively new field, more research and the creation of better measures may improve construct validity (Cherniss, 2010). This may result in the development of greater understanding and respect for the field. There is no guarantee that a person high in EI, will use this asset in a positive manner. Individuals with high emotional intelligence may manipulate people or situations for personal gain. Saaty (2001) suggests that decisions are not always based on the greatest idea  but on a person’s ability to persuade others to accept the idea. More exploration and clarification is required to address some of the limitations of emotional intelligence. Modern organisations face fundamentally different problems from those of the in the past, globalization, increases in technology and staff turnover are just some of the issues being confronted. The belief has been held for around a century that higher intelligence in individuals is more valued due to their higher task performance (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2002). Modern organisations provide services, and are organised according to a blend of individual’s, information and communication technology, social capital and recognized talents (Schoemaker & Jonkers, 2005). The measuring of CI enables modern organisations an affordable and speedy way of evaluating an employee’s general mental ability. General mental ability has been related to occupational level on both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (Schmidt & Hunter, 2004). CI measures allow employers to apply specific cognitive abilities to valid and appropriate positions within the business with a view to discovering the best person for the job. According to Holloway (2003) employing the â€Å"right person for the job† or job fit is more essential now than ever. Job fit can be described as â€Å"the degree to which a person’s cognitive abilities, interests and personality dynamics fit those required for the job† (Russell, 2003, p.27). This is where the importance of emotional intelligences comes into play. A constant balance between understanding the individual drives and motivations of workers and ensuring staff remain engaged, enthusiastic and valued has many rewards for modern organisations. Incorporating a balance between both intelligences gives employees the greatest chance of achieving appropriate job fit. Holloway (2003) states that positive job fit, results in increased job satisfaction, increased productivity and reduced staff turnover. Furthermore, research by O’Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell (1991) suggests newly hired staff whose with values that fit in with the culture of the organisation tend to adjust quicker, remain longer with the company and are overall more satisfied. While Hollaway,  (2003) states th at understanding of workers in regards to work/life balance, personal goals and drives may encourage loyalty reducing turnover, saving on retraining and downtime. Furthermore, EI combined with CI addresses the gaps between management and workers through understanding of positive leading by example management that can result in emulation by employees resulting in a ripple effect throughout the organisation. There is a strong link between emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence and the combination of both intelligences has become necessary for successful business relations in modern organisations. Cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence are each important factors in regard to individual differences in the field of organisational behaviour in modern organisations. While general mental ability accounts for many valuable employee assets such as efficiencies in regard to knowledge acquisition and technological aptitude, limitations to validity and measurement of testing and relevance mean that cognitive intelligence is not the only measure of a successful employee. Emotional intelligence also plays a key role in individual success in modern organisations. Effective leadership, self- awareness, social networking, empathy, self-management are all are assets of the emotionally intelligent. Modern organisations benefit from the combination of both intelligences by finding the best fit for the position resulting in higher job satisfaction, higher retention of staff and greater profits. References Balakrishanan, L., & Mouli, S. (2011). Emotional Intelligence – A Key for Effective Employee Management. Amet Journal of Management,1(1),44. Retrieved from http://www.ametjournal.com/attachment/Amet-journal.pdf Bosco, F. A., Nathan, B., & Allen, D. G. (2012, July). Higher validity and less adverse impact! Using â€Å"Executive Attention† to measure cognitive ability. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Personnel Assessment Council, Las Vegas, NV. Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 110-126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x Elkind, P., & Burke, D. (2008). The trouble with Steve. Fortune, 157, 54-63. Retrieved from http://personal.bellevuecollege.edu/llum/GBUS101/09WSteveJobs.pdf Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., & Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300-329. doi:10.1177/0021886306286466 Heylighen, F. (n.d.). Gifted People and their Problems. Retrieved from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/GiftedProblems.pdf Higgins, D. M., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Lee, A. G. (2007). Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality, and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 93(2), 298. doi:10.1037/00223514.93.2.298 Holloway, P. (2003). Job Fitness Series: The Right Person for the Job. AboutPeople. Retrieved from http://www.aboutpeople.com/PDFFiles/The%20Right%20Person%20For%20the%20Job.pdf Kelly, B., (2014). Importance of Teamwork in Organizations, Demand Media retrieved March 8, 2014. Retrieved from http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/importance-teamworkorganizations-12033.html McKenney, J. L., Copeland, D. C., Copeland, D. G., & Mason, R. O. (1995).Waves of change: Business evolution through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Boston, USA. doi: 10.1080/08109029608632025 Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00016-1 Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review Psychology, 59(1), 507-536. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646 Nauta, N. & Corten, F. (2002) Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde Journal for Occupational and Insurance Physicians, 10(11), 332-335. doi:10.1007/12498.1876-5858 Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard Jr, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., †¦ & Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American psychologist, 51(2), 77. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of management journal, 34(3), 487-516. doi: 10.2307/256404 Patton, J. R. (2003). Intuition in decisions. Management Decision, 41(10), 989-996. doi:10.1108/00251740310509517 Perks, J. (2007, September). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Business. Computer Weekly.com retrieved from http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240082956/The-role-of-emotionalintelligence-in-business Qualman, E. (2009). Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way we Live and do Business. Hoboken, USA. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.5860/CHOICE.48-1576 Rainey, M. B., Chan, K., & Begin, J. (2008). Characterized by conciliation: Here’s how business can use apology to diffuse litigation. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, 26(7), 131-134. doi: 10.1002/alt.20237 Roberts, R. D., Matthews, G., & Zeinder, M. (2010). Emotional Intelligence: Muddling Through Theory and Measurement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 140-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01214.x Russell, C. (2003). Right Person, Right Job: Guess or Know–The Breakthrough Technologies of Performance Information, (2nd ed.). Amherst, USA. HRD Press Inc. Saaty, T. L. (2001). Decision Making for Leaders: the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Decisions in a Complex World (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh, USA. RWS publications. doi: 10.1080/00137918308967693 Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004). General Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 162173. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162 Schoemaker, M., & Jonker, J. (2005). Managing Intangible Assets: An Essay on Organising Contemporary Organisations Based upon Identity, Competencies and Networks. Journal of Management Development, 24(6), 506-518. doi: 10.1108/02621710510600964 Shea, S.(2009). Capstone: Communications Difficulties Among Individuals With and Without Aspergers Syndrome. Retrieved from: http://www.asdjobsink.com/CommunicationDifficulties.pdf Sloane, P. (2007). The Innovative Leader: How to Inspire Your Team and Drive Creativity. Philadelphia, USA. Kogan Page Publishers. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fb1vXOzjIBYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge _summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Sternberg, R. J. 2006. Intelligence. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. doi: 10.1002/0470018860.s00555 Viswesvaran, C. & Ones, D. S. (2002). Agreements and Disagreements on the Role of General Mental Ability (GMA) in Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology. Human Performance, 15(1/2), 211-231. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1501&02_13

An Analysis into the study of knowledge as a term

An analytical survey of cognition appreciates the term to hold several significances. I will turn to myself to three of them. The first significance concerns the ability possessed ensuing from larning. One can cognize how to utilize a library, one can cognize how to stand, walk or how to give a address that could elicit the audience. Another account of cognition involves the familiarity, acquaintance, and personal experience. A individual can cognize a topographic point by holding visited to the topographic point or cognize a politician by have a face to confront brush with him. Last the account of cognition can be the collected facts from experiments, observations and surveies, and doing decisions that justify personal or general belief. At a broader perspective cognition can be grouped into two classs, one is the silent cognition, which can non be expressed in words or Numberss. This is the proficient knowhow and accomplishments that can non be effectual be represented utilizing ma rk of linguistic communication or symbols. The 2nd class is that of explicit cognition that can be expressed in footings, words or symbols. This deals with the theoretical attack of work outing jobs. To my understanding the significance of being educated to one individual means something different to others. Harmonizing to Socrates who is considered to be the male parent of modern idea, the universe is divided into, the wise who know they are saps and the saps who think they are wise. Bing educated can be taken to intend that one is trained in a specific field every bit good as he is able be practically use the cognition gained. An educated individual has acquired general accomplishments and knowledge about topics and thoughts. Over and above acquisition of cognition he is able to analyse, understand signifier an sentiment and pass on this information sanely to others. To many people being educated creates a desire to larn more and invariably change at any given clip. Learning is a womb-to-tomb experience with cases that help determine our heads and our perceptual experiences. When specifying instruction in the context of schooling in needed to look beyond accomplishment of academic ends. The impression that the school ‘s first precedence is rational development is lifelessly. There a strong difference between those who propose instruction as a agency of making or developing and prolonging a democratic society and those who believe that a school ‘s primary function is economic, amounting to a future investing of workers and finally corporate net incomes. The phrase of good educated does non merely mention to the quality of schooling received but besides something about the personality of the scholar. If the term could be taken to intend what one knows and can make, there are many people who are ill educated despite holding a top notch instruction on the converse if the term is taken to mention to the quality of schooling received, the society overflows with good educated people who sat through categories and hardly registered relevant construct s. With these contrasting positions about instruction and cognition, there is a dramatic absence of consensus about what the term ought to intend. At this occasion I have to except some normally possessed misconceptions about being good educated. Merely being in category for a given period of clip can non do a individual educated although he may get some cognition. Imagining alumnuss who are good prepared for the workplace who are non regarded every bit good educated since they do n't hold the ability to use whatever they have learnt. It would be a error to cut down schooling and instruction to a vocational readying. High mark in school merely mean an ability to take standardised trials. Most of the instructors that I have interacted with can immediately call pupils who are talented minds but who merely do n't execute good in tests every bit good as pupils whose public presentation overestimates their rational gifts. As a affair of fact there is no individual trial that is sufficien tly dependable, valid, or adequate in its entireness that it can adequately be treated as a gage of academic success. Besides memorisation and acquaintance with a figure of words, books and thoughts have been rated as a hapless manner of evaluation as an deficient manner of to judge who is good educated. Finally to be good educated there is on constituent that play one of the major functions and that is the school attended. I have analyzed the best sort of a school to be one that is organized around jobs, inquiries and undertakings as opposed to facts, subjects, and accomplishments. Of class cognition is acquired but in context and for a purpose stressing on deepness instead than breath, compassed with find of thoughts more than covering a prescribed course of study. The instructors involved in the acquisition procedure are Renaissance mans and specializers ; they collaborate to offer interdisciplinary class that their pupils play an active function in planing. All this is accomplished in little democratic schools that are experienced as caring communities. It ‘s indefensible to hold a big school, with short categories that have immense tonss on instructor and still be pupil centered, other than a fact transmittal sort of direction scene. This is merely a powerful obstruction t o good acquisition. Therefore to be good educated can be accessed through a complex system, in which pupils reveal their apprehension by agencies of in depth undertakings, presentations and portfolios of assignments such appraisal is based on meaningful criterions of excellence and criterions that may jointly offer replies to the inquiry of ; what is to be educated? Assessment of cognition acquisition and educational success I would concentrate more on empirical logical thinking, societal logical thinking, quantitative logical thinking, communicating, and personal qualities that constitute duty ego consciousness and capacity for leading. Traveling by the definition of being educated the end of instruction is more instruction and hence being good educated is to hold the desire and holding both the chance and the agencies to do certain that larning ne'er ends. Therefore if larning be the thirst for cognition the pupils and the society at big must abandon the impression that instruction is clip devouring and obligatory make fulling our heads and replaced it with the thought that people ever thrive best while larning what they love. Though clip consuming, we ever find clip for what we love, therefore no clip is lost while we rattle from book to book, looking for connexions. Finally am contented every bit long as I read what I read with love, and have small or no concerns if I have really read plenty on what am obligated to read. Note that the whole universe is a schoolroom and to do it one, merely believe that it is. I ever consider that cognition is born out of contact with the universe, an instruction carpentered out of the best combination we can do of a school, reading, on-line geographic expedition and friendly relationship may be the best instruction of all instead than a hapless replacement that must apologise for itself in the shadow of academia. Adult scholars have an enviable manner of larning. I have observed that they are ne'er interested in larning merely for the interest of larning. They go to larn with a motivation of bettering their accomplishments in specific countries, looking for stuffs that reflect existent life challenges that either mirror their fortunes or exemplify a world that they would wish to cognize.